Leader - BITSAT 2022

Periodic Table : Periodicity: Periodic law and the modern periodic table; Types of elements: s, p, d and f blocks; Periodic trends: ionization energy, atomic and ionic radii, electron affinity, electro negativity and valency. Physical and Chemical Equilibria : Chemical Equilibria: Equilibrium constants (Kp, Kc), Le-Chatelier’s principle, Ionic Equilibria: Strong and Weak electrolytes, Acids and Bases (Arrhenius, Lewis, Lowry and Bronsted) and their dissociation; Ionization of Water; pH; Buffer solutions; Acid-base titrations; Hydrolysis; Solubility Product of Sparingly Soluble Salts; Common Ion Effect, Factors Affecting Equilibria: Concentration, Temperature, Pressure, Catalysts, Significance of ΔG and ΔG° in Chemical Equilibria. Thermodynamics : Basic Concepts: Systems and surroundings; State functions; Intensive and Extensive Properties; Zeroth Law and Temperature, First Law of Thermodynamics: Work, internal energy, heat, enthalpy, heat capacities; Enthalpies of formation, phase transformation, ionization, electron gain; Thermochemistry; Hess’s Law. Bond dissociation, combustion, atomization, sublimation, dilution, Second Law: Spontaneous and reversible processes; entropy; Gibbs free energy related to spontaneity and non-mechanical work; Standard free energies of formation, free energy change and chemical equilibrium, Third Law: Introduction Principles of Organic Chemistry : Classification: Based on functional groups, trivial and IUPAC nomenclature and Structural isomerism, Electronic displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, resonance effects and hyperconjugation; free radicals; carbocations, carbanions, nucleophiles and electrophiles; types of organic reactions. Stereochemistry : Introduction: Chiral molecules; Optical activity; Polarimetry; R, S and D, L configurations; Fischer projections; Enantiomerism; Racemates; Diastereomerism and meso structures, Conformations: Ethane conformations; Newman and Sawhorse projections, Geometrical isomerism in alkenes.

ENGLISH: Agreement, Time and Tenses, Parallel construction, Synonyms, Antonyms, LOGICAL REASONING : Analogy, Pattern Perception

Differential calculus : Domain and range of a real valued function, Limits and Continuity of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, Differentiability. Derivative of different types of functions (polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic, implicit functions), derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, chain rule. Geometric interpretation of derivative, Tangents and Normals. Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and minima of a function. Rolle’s Theorem, Mean Value Theorem and Intermediate Value Theorem. Integral calculus : Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions. Methods of integration: Integration by substitution, Integration by parts, integration by partial fractions, and integration by trigonometric identities. Definite integrals and their properties, Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus, applications in finding areas under simple curves. Application of definite integrals to the determination of areas of regions bounded by simple curves. Sets, Relations and Functions, algebra of sets applications, equivalence relations, mappings, one-one, into and onto mappings, composition of mappings, binary operation, inverse of function, functions of real variables like polynomial, modulus, signum and greatest integer.

Electrostatics : Coulomb’s law, Electric field (discrete and continuous charge distributions), Electrostatic potential and Electrostatic potential energy, Gauss’ law and its applications, Electric dipole, Capacitance and dielectrics (parallel plate capacitor, capacitors in series and parallel). Current Electricity : Ohm’s law, Joule heating, D.C circuits – Resistors and cells in series and parallel, Kirchoff’s laws, potentiometer and Wheatstone bridge, Electrical Resistance (Resistivity, origin and temperature dependence of resistivity). Magnetic Effect of Current : Biot-Savart’s law and its applications, Ampere’s law and its applications, Lorentz force, force on current carrying conductors in a magnetic field, Magnetic moment of a current loop, torque on a current loop, Galvanometer and its conversion to voltmeter and ammeter, Electromagnetic Induction : Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, eddy currents, Self and mutual inductance, Transformers and generators, Alternating current (peak and rms value), AC circuits, LCR circuits

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure : Ionic Bond: Lattice Energy and Born-Haber cycle; Covalent character of ionic bonds and polar character of covalent bond, Molecular Structure: Lewis picture and resonance structures, VSEPR model and molecular shapes, Covalent Bond: Valence Bond Theory-Orbital overlap, Directionality of bonds and hybridization (s, p and d orbitals only), Resonance; Molecular orbital theory-Methodology, Orbital energy level diagram, Bond order, Magnetic properties for homonuclear diatomic species, Metallic Bond: Qualitative description, Intermolecular Forces: Polarity; Dipole moments; Hydrogen Bond. Electrochemistry : Redox Reactions: Oxidation-reduction reactions (electron transfer concept); Oxidation number; Balancing of redox reactions; Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Electrode potentials; EMF of Galvanic cells; Nernst equation; Factors affecting the electrode potential; Gibbs energy change and cell potential; Secondary cells; Fuel cells; Corrosion and its prevention, Electrolytic Conduction: Electrolytic Conductance; Specific and molar conductivities; Kolhrausch’s Law and its application, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis; Coulometer; Electrode potential and electrolysis, Commercial production of the chemicals, NaOH, Na, Al, Cl2 and F2. Hydrocarbons : Alkanes and cycloalkanes: general properties, Alkenes and alkynes: General methods of preparation and reactions, physical properties, electrophilic and free radical additions, acidic character of alkynes and (1, 2 and 1, 4) addition to dienes, Aromatic hydrocarbons: Sources; Properties; Isomerism; Resonance delocalization; polynuclear hydrocarbons; mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction, directive influence and effect of substituents on reactivity, Haloalkanes and haloarenes: Physical properties, chemical reactions. Uses and environmental effects; di, tri, tetrachloromethanes, iodoform, freon and DDT, Petroleum: Composition and refining, uses of petrochemicals. States of Matter: Measurement: Physical quantities and SI units, Dimensional analysis, Precision, Significant figures, Chemical reactions: Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory; Mole concept; Atomic, molecular and molar masses; Percentage composition empirical & molecular formula; Balanced chemical equations and stoichiometry, Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points Gaseous state: Gas Laws, ideal behavior, ideal gas equation, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro number, Deviation from ideal behaviour – Critical temperature, Liquefaction of gases, van der Waals equation., Liquid state: Vapour pressure, surface tension, viscosity, Solid state: Classification; Space lattices and crystal systems; Unit cell – Cubic and hexagonal systems, Close packing; Crystal structures: Simple AB and AB2 type ionic crystals, covalent crystals – diamond and graphite, metals. Imperfections- Point defects, non-stoichiometric crystals; Electrical, magnetic and dielectric properties; Amorphous solids – qualitative description.

ENGLISH : Relative pronoun, Determiners, Prepositions, Modals, Odd word, one word, LOGICAL REASONING : Classification, Figure formation and analysis, Chart logic

Statistics : Measures of dispersion, Measures of skewness and Central Tendency, Analysis of frequency distributions with equal means but different variances, Linear Programming : Various terminology and formulation of linear Programming, Solution of linear Programming using graphical method, feasible an d infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (upto three nonitrivial constraints). Theory of Quadratic equations, quadratic equations in real and complex number system and their solutions, relation between roots and coefficients, nature of roots, equations reducible to quadratic equations. Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions, arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, arithmetico-geometric series, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and cubes of the first n natural numbers. Logarithms and their properties. Exponential series. Permutations and combinations, Permutations as an arrangement and combination as selection, simple applications. Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients, Pascal’s triangle Matrices and determinants of order two or three, properties and evaluation of determinants, addition and multiplication of matrices, adjoint and inverse of matrices, Solutions of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables, elementary row and column operations of matrices, Mathematical Induction, Trigonometry : Measurement of angles in radians and degrees, positive and negative angles, trigonometric ratios, functions and identities. Solution of trigonometric equations. Properties of triangles and solutions of triangles, Inverse trigonometric functions, Heights and distances.

Units and Measurement : Units (Different systems of units, SI units, fundamental and derived units), Dimensional Analysis, Precision and significant figures, Fundamental measurements in Physics (Vernier calipers, screw gauge, Physical balance etc), Kinematics : Properties of vectors, Position, velocity and acceleration vectors, Motion with constant acceleration, Projectile motion, Uniform circular motion, Relative motion Newton’s Laws of Motion : Newton’s laws (free body diagram, resolution of forces), Motion on an inclined plane, Motion of blocks with pulley systems, Circular motion – centripetal force, Inertial and non-inertial frames Impulse and Momentum : Definition of impulse and momentum, Conservation of momentum, Collisions, Momentum of a system of particles, Center of mass, Work and Energy : Work done by a force, Kinetic energy and work- energy theorem, Power, Conservative forces and potential energy, Conservation of mechanical energy

Chemical Kinetics: Aspects of Kinetics: Rate and Rate expression of a reaction; Rate constant; Order and molecularity of the reaction; Integrated rate expressions and half life for zero and first order reactions, Factor Affecting the Rate of the Reactions: Concentration of the reactants, size of particles; Temperature dependence of rate constant; Activation energy; Catalysis, Surface catalysis, enzymes, zeolites; Factors affecting rate of collisions between molecules, Mechanism of Reaction: Elementary reactions; Complex reactions; Reactions involving two/three steps only. Hydrogen and s-block elements : Hydrogen: Element: unique position in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes; Dihydrogen: preparation, properties, reactions, and uses; Molecular, saline, interstitial hydrides; Water: Properties; Structure and aggregation of water molecules; Heavy water; Hydrogen peroxide; Hydrogen as a fuel, s-block elements: Abundance and occurrence; Anomalous properties of the first elements in each group; diagonal relationships., Alkali metals: Lithium, sodium and potassium: occurrence, extraction, reactivity, and electrode potentials; Biological importance; Reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and liquid ammonia; Basic nature of oxides and hydroxides; Halides; Properties and uses of compounds such as NaCl, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 , NaOH, KCl and KOH, Alkaline earth metals: Magnesium and calcium: Occurrence, extraction, reactivity and electrode potentials; Reactions with non-metals; Solubility and thermal stability of oxo salts; Biological importance; Properties and uses of important compounds such as CaO, Ca(OH)2 plaster of Paris, MgSO4, MgCl2 CaCO3 and CaSO4; Lime and limestone, cement. Solution : Concentration Units: Mole Fraction, Molarity, and Molality, Solutions: Solubility of solids and gases in liquids, Vapour Pressure, Raoult’s law, Relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression in freezing point; elevation in boiling point; osmotic pressure, determination of molecular mass; solid solutions, Physical Equilibrium: Equilibria involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, solid-gas), Surface chemistry, Adsorption, Physical and Chemical adsorption, Langmuir Isotherm, Colloids and emulsion, classification, preparation, uses. Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Oxygen and Nitrogen : General: Electronic structure, important methods of preparation, important reactions and physical properties of alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, nitro compounds, amines, diazonium salts, cyanides and isocyanides, Specific: Effect of substituents on alpha- carbon on acid strength, comparative reactivity of acid derivatives, basic character of amines methods of preparation, and th eir separation, importance of diazonium salts in synthetic organic chemistry.

ENGLISH: Adjective, Voice, Transformations, Jumbled letters, Homophones, reading Comprehension, LOGICAL REASONING: Series Completion, Paper cutting, Rule detection

Vectors : Direction ratio/cosines of vectors, addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Dot and cross products of two vectors, projection of a vector on a line. Scalar triple products and their geometrical interpretations. Three dimensional Coordinate Geometry : Co-ordinate axes and co-ordinate planes, distance between two points, section formula, direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space and skew lines. Angle between two lines whose direction ratios are given, shortest distance between two lines. Equation of a plane, distance of a point from a plane, condition for coplanarity of three lines, angles between two planes, angle between a line and a plane. Ordinary Differential Equations : Order and degree of a differential equation, formulation of a differential equation whole general solution is given, variables separable method. Solution of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree Linear first order differential equations. Algebra : Complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, roots of complex numbers, geometric interpretations; Fundamental theorem of algebra.

Optics : Laws of reflection and refraction, Lenses and mirrors, Interference – Huygen’s principle, Young’s double slit experiment, Interference in thin films, Rotational Motion : Description of rotation (angular displacement, angular velocity and angular acceleration), Rotational motion with constant angular acceleration, Moment of inertia, Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, rotational kinetic energy, Torque and angular momentum, Conservation of angular momentum, Rolling motion Gravitation : Newton’s law of gravitation, Gravitational potential energy, Escape velocity, Motion of planets – Kepler’s laws, satellite motion Mechanics of Solids and Fluids : Elasticity, Pressure, density and Archimedes’ principle, Viscosity and Surface Tension, Bernoulli’s theorem, Optical instruments–telescope and microscope : Diffraction due to a single slit, Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (only qualitative ideas), Electromagnetic spectrum, Polarization – states of polarization, Malus’ law, Brewster’s law

Atomic Structure: Introduction: Radioactivity, Subatomic particles; Atomic number, isotopes and isobars, Rutherford’s picture of atom; Hydrogen atom spectrum and Bohr model. Quantum mechanics: Wave-particle duality – de Broglie relation, Uncertainty principle; Hydrogen atom: Quantum numbers and wave functions, atomic orbitals and their shapes (s, p and d), Spin. Many electron atoms: Pauli exclusion principle; Aufbau principle and the electronic configuration of atoms, Hund’s rule, Periodicity: Brief history of the development of periodic tables Periodic law and the modern periodic table; Types of elements: s, p, d and f blocks; Periodic trends: ionization energy, atomic and ionic radii, inter gas radii, electron affinity, electro negativity and valency. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure VSEPR mode Valence electrons, Ionic Bond: Lattice Energy and Born-Haber cycle; Covalent character of ionic bonds and polar character of covalent bond, bond parameters, Molecular Structure: Lewis picture and resonance structures, VSEPR model and molecular shapes, Covalent Bond: Valence Bond Theory- Orbital overlap, Directionality of bonds and hybridization (s, p and d orbitals only), Resonance; Molecular orbital theory- Methodology, Orbital energy level diagram, Bond order, Magnetic properties for homonuclear diatomic species (qualitative idea only, Dipole moments; Hydrogen Bond. p-d- and f-block elements : General: Abundance, distribution, physical and chemical properties, isolation and uses of elements; Trends in chemical reactivity of elements of a group, Group 13 elements: Boron; Properties and uses of borax, boric acid, boron hydrides and halides. Reaction of aluminum with acids and alkalis. Group 14 elements: Carbon: Uses, All otropes (graphite, diamond, fullerenes), oxides, halides and sulphides, carbides; Silicon: Silica, silicates, silicone, silicon tetrachloride, Zeolites, Group 15 elements: Dinitrogen; Reactivity and uses of nitrogen and its compounds; Industrial and biological nitrogen fixation; Ammonia: Haber’s process, properties and reactions; Oxides of nitrogen and their structures; Ostwald’s process of nitric acid production; Fertilizers – NPK type; Production of phosphorus; Allotropes of phosphorus; Preparation, structure and properties of hydrides, oxides, oxoacids and halides of phosphorus, Group 16 elements: Isolation and chemical reactivity of dioxygen; Acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides; Preparation, structure and properties of ozone; Allotropes of sulphur; Production of sulphur and sulphuric acid; Structure and properties of oxides, oxoacids, hydrides and halides of sulphur, Group 17 and group 18 elements: Structure and properties of hydrides, oxides, oxoacids of chlorine; Inter halogen compounds; Bleaching Powder; Preparation, structure and reactions of xenon fluorides, oxides, and oxoacids, d-Block elements: General trends in the chemistry of first row transition elements; Metallic character; Oxidation state; Ionic radii; Catalytic properties; Magnetic properties; Interstitial compounds; Occurrence and extraction of iron, copper, silver, zinc, and mercury; Alloy formation; Steel and some important alloys; preparation and properties of CuSO4, K2Cr2O7, KMnO4, Mercury halides; Silver nitrate and silver halides; Photography, f-Block elements: Lanthanoids and actinoids; Oxidation states and chemical reactivity of lanthanoids compounds; Lanthanide contraction; Comparison of actinoids and lanthanoids, Coordination Compounds: Coordination number; Ligands; Werner’s coordination theory; IUPAC nomenclature; Application and importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems e.g. chlorophyll, vitamin B12, and haemoglobin); Bonding: Valence-bond approach, Crystal field theory (qualitative); Stability constants; Shapes, color and magnetic properties; Isomerism including stereoisomerisms; Organometallic compounds. Biological, Industrial and Environmental chemistry : The Cell: Concept of cell and energy cycle, Carbohydrates: Classification; Monosaccharides; Structures of pentoses and hexoses; Anomericcarbon; Mutarotation; Simple chemical reactions of glucose, Disaccharides: reducing and non-reducing sugars – sucrose, maltose and lactose; Polysaccharides: elementary idea of structures of starch, cellulose and glycogen. Proteins :Amino acids; Peptide bond; Polypeptides; Primary structure of proteins; Simple idea of secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures of proteins; Denaturation of proteins and enzymes, Nucleic Acids: Types of nucleic acids; Primary building blocks of nucleic acids (chemical composition of DNA and RNA); Primary structure of DNA and its double helix; Replication; Transcription and protein synthesis; Genetic code, Vitamins: Classification, structure, functions in biosystems; Hormones, Polymers: Classification of polymers; General methods of polymerization; Molecular mass of polymers; Biopolymers and biodegradable polymers; Free radical, cationic and anionic addition polymerizations; Copolymerization: Natural rubber; Vulcanization of rubber; Synthetic rubbers. Condensation polymers, Pollution: Environmental pollutants; soil, water and air pollution; Chemical reactions in atmosphere; Smog; Major atmospheric pollutants; Acid rain; Ozone and its reactions; Depletion of ozone layer and its effects; Industrial air pollution; Green house effect and global warming; Green Chemistry, Chemicals in medicine, health-care and food: Analgesics, Tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, anti-microbials, anti-fertility drugs, antihistamines, antibiotics, antacids; Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants, soaps and detergents. Theoretical Principles of Experimental Chemistry : Volumetric Analysis: Principles; Standard solutions of sodium carbonate and oxalic acid; Acid-base titrations; Redox reactions involving KI, H2SO4 , Na2SO3, Na2S2O3 and H2S; Potassium permanganate in acidic, basic and neutral media; Titrations of oxalic acid, ferrous ammonium sulphate with KMnO4, K2Cr2O7/Na2S2O3, Cu(II)/Na2S2O3. Qualitative analysis of Pb+2, Cu+2 As+3, Mn+2, Zn+2, Co+2, Ca+2, Sr+2, Ba+2, Mg+2, NH+, Fe+3, Ni+2 and the anions CO-2, S-2, SO-2, SO2-, NO-, NO-, Cl-, Br-, I-, PO-3, CHCOO-, CO-2, Physical Chemistry Experiments: preparation and crystallization of alum, copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, potassium ferric sulphate, temperature vs solubility pH measurements; Lyophilic and lyophobic sols; Dialysis; Role of emulsifying agents in emulsification. Equilibrium studies involving (i) ferric and thiocyanate ions (ii) [Co(H2O)6] and chloride ions; Enthalpy determination for (i) strong acid vs. strong base neutralization reaction (ii) hydrogen bonding interaction between acetone and chloroform; Rates of the reaction between (i) sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid, (ii) potassium iodate and sodium sulphite (iii) iodide vs. hydrogen peroxide, concentration and temperature effects in these reactions, Purification Methods: Filtration, crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography. Principles of melting point and boiling point determination; principles of paper chromatographic separation – R values, Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds: Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorousand halogens; Detection of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in foodstuff; Detection of alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic, amino groups and unsaturation, Quantitative Analysis of Organic Compounds: Basic principles for the quantitative estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogen, sulphur and phosphorous; Molecular mass determination by silver salt and chloroplatinate salt methods; Calculations of empirical and molecular formulae, Principles of Organic Chemistry Experiments: Preparation of iodoform, acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, di-benzayl acetone, aniline yellow, beta-naphthol; Preparation of acetylene and study of its acidic character.

ENGLISH : Question tags, Phrasal Verbs, Spelling, Analogy, Reconstruction (rewording), Rearrangement, LOGICAL REASONING : Logical Deduction – Reading Passage, Figure Matrix

Probability : Various terminology in probability, axiomatic and other approaches of probability, addition and multiplication rules of proba bility. Conditional probability, total probability and Baye’s theorem, Independent events, Discrete random variables and distributions with mean and variance. Two-dimensional Coordinate Geometry : Cartesian coordinates, distance between two points, section formulae, shift of origin. Straight lines and pair of straight lines: Equation of straight lines in various forms, angle between two lines, distance of a point from a line, lines through the point of intersection of two given lines, equation of the bisector of the angle between two lines, concurrent lines. Circles and family of circles : Equation of circle in various form, equation of tangent, normal and chords, parametric equations of a circle, inters ection of a circle with a straight line or a circle, equation of circle through point of intersection of two circles, conditions for two intersecting circles to be orthogonal. Conic sections : parabola, ellipse and hyperbola their eccentricity, directrices and foci, parametric forms, equations of tangent and normal, conditions for y = mx + c to be a tangent and point of tangency. Mathematical modeling. Formulation of simple real life problem, solution using matrices, calculus and linear programming.

Oscillations : Kinematics of simple harmonic motion, Spring mass system, simple and compound pendulum, Forced and damped oscillations, resonance, Waves : Progressive sinusoidal waves, Standing waves in strings and pipes, Superposition of waves, beats, Doppler Effect, Heat and Thermodynamics : Kinetic theory of gases, Thermal equilibrium and temperature, Specific heat, Heat Transfer – Conduction, convection and radiation, thermal conductivity, Newton’s law of cooling, Work, heat and first law of thermodynamics, 2nd law of thermodynamics, Carnot engine – Efficiency and Coefficient of performance. Modern Physics : Dual nature of light and matter – Photoelectric effect, De Broglie wavelength, Atomic models – Rutherford’s experiment, Bohr’s atomic model, Hydrogen atom spectrum, Radioactivity, Nuclear reactions : Fission and fusion, binding energy Electronic Devices : Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors; Semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; IV characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator, Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and NOR). Transistor as a switch